Глаголы в английском языке. Таблица времен английского глагола

Глагол — часть речи, обозначающая действие и отвечающае на вопросы «что делать, что сделать?», например: to live, to speak, to do. Глаголы имеют грамматические категории Времени, лица и Числа, Вида, Залога, Наклонения И выполняют в предложении функцию сказуемого. Неопределенную форму глагола принято называть инфинитивом. В английском языке инфинитив всегда употребляется с частицей «to», которая не переводится.

По своему значению и роли глаголы делятся на Полнозначные или смысловые и Служебные. Служебные глаголы частично или полностью

утрачивают свое значение. Частичная утрата значения, например, наблюдается у модальных глаголов, что не позволяет им выполнять самостоятельную роль в предложении — они всегда употребляются в сочетании с другими смысловыми глаголами. Полностью утрачивают свое значение глаголы, которые участвуют в образовании сложных форм времени, вида, наклонения и залога. Такие глаголы называют вспомогательными. Вспомогательными глаголами могут быть такие глаголы, как will, have, do и т. д.

В английском языке имеется два залога: активный или действительный залог и пассивный или страдательный залог. Активный залог устанавливает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются производителями действия, выраженного сказуемым, например: I made a mistake. — Я совершил ошибку. Пассивный же залог устанавливает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются объектами действия, выраженного сказуемым. В силу своего значения пассивный залог может употребляться только с переходными глаголами — глаголами, в значении которых заложена необходимость сочетаться с дополнением: A mistake was made. Ошибка была совершена.

Система времен английского языка — одна из самых важных, но в тоже время самых тяжелых для понимания тем. Схематически ее можно представить так:

TenseSignal wordsUseFormExamples affirmativeExamples negativeExamples interrogative
Present SimpleEvery day
Sometimes
Always
Often
Usually
Seldom
Never
First… then
Something happens repeatedly

How often something happens

One action follows another

Things in general

After the following verbs

Future meaning: timetables, programmes

Infinitive he/she/it + — sI work.
He works.
I go.
He goes.
I don’t work.
He doesn’t work.
I don’t go.
He doesn’t go.
Do I work?
Does he work?
Do I go?
Does he go?
Present ContinuousNow
At the moment
Look!
Listen!
Something is happening at the same time of speaking or around it

Future meaning: when you have already decided and arranged to do it

To be + infinitive + — ingI’m working.
He’s working.
I’m going.
He’s going.
I’m not working.
He isn’t working.
I’m not going.
He isn’t going.
Am I working?
Is he working?
Am I going?
Is he going?
Past SimpleLast…
… ago
In 1990
Yesterday
Action took place in the past, mostly connected with an expression of timeRegular: infinitive + — ed

Irregular: 2nd column of table of irregular verbs

I worked.
He worked.
I went.
He went.
I didn’t work.
He didn’t work.
I didn’t go.
He didn’t go.
Did I work?
Did he work?
Did I go?
Did he go?
Past ContinuousWhileAn action happened in the middle of another action

Someone was doing sth. at a certain time — you do not know whether it was finished or not

Was/were + infinitive + — ingI was working.
He was working.
I was going.
He was going.
I wasn’t working.
He wasn’t working.
I wasn’t going.
He wasn’t going.
Was I working?
Was he working?
Was I going?
Was he going?
Present PerfectJust
Yet
Never
Ever
Already
So far,
Up to now,
Since
For
Recently
You say that sth. has happened or is finished in the past and it has a connection to the present

Action started in the past and continues up to the present

Have/has + past participle*
* or
I have worked.
He has worked.
I have gone.
He has gone.
I haven’t worked.
He hasn’t worked.
I haven’t gone.
He hasn’t gone.
Have I worked?
Has he worked?
Have I gone?
Has he gone?
Present Perfect ContinuousAll day
The whole day
How long
Since
For
Action began in the past and has just stopped

How long the action has been happening

Emphasis: length of time of an action

Have/has + been + infinitive + — ingI have been working.
He has been working.
I have been going.
He has been going.
I haven’t been working.
He hasn’t been working.
I haven’t been going.
He hasn’t been going.
Have I been working?
Has he been working?
Have I been going?
Has he been going?
Past PerfectAlready
Just
Never
Mostly when two actions in a story are related to each other: the action which had already happened is put into Past Perfect, the other action into Simple Past

The past of the Present Perfect

Had + past participle*

* or

I had worked.
He had worked.
I had gone.
He had gone.
I hadn’t worked.
He hadn’t worked.
I hadn’t gone.
He hadn’t gone.
Had I worked?
Had he worked?
Had I gone?
Had he gone?
Past Perfect ContinuousHow long
Since
For
How long something had been happening before something else happenedHad + been + infinitive + ingI had been working.
He had been working.
I had been going.
He had been going.
I hadn’t been working.
He hadn’t been working.
I hadn’t been going.
He hadn’t been going.
Had I been working?
Had he been working?
Had I been going?
Had he been going?
Will — futureTomorrow
Next + noun
Predictions about the future

You decide to do sth. spontaneously at the time of speaking, you haven’t made a decision before

Main clause in type I of the if clauses

Will + infinitiveI’ll work.
He’ll work.
I’ll go.
He’ll go.
I won’t work.
He won’t work.
I won’t go.
He won’t go.
Will I work?
Will he work?
Will I go?
Will he go?
Going to — futureWhen you have already decided to do sth. in the future

What you think what will happen

Be + going to + infinitiveI’m going to work.
He’s going to work.
I’m going to go.
He’s going to go.
I’m not going to work.
He’s not going to work.
I’m not going to go.
He’s not going to go.
Am I going to work?
Is he going to work?
Am I going to go?
Is he going to go?
Future ContinuousAn action will be in progress at a certain time in the future. This action has begun before the certain time.

Something happens because it normally happens.

Will + be + infinitive + ingI’ll be working.
He’ll be working.
I’ll be going.
He’ll be going.
I won’t be working.
He won’t be working.
I won’t be going.
He won’t be going.
Will I be working?
Will he be working?
Will I be going?
Will he be going?
Future PerfectBy the +nounSth. will already have happened before a certain time in the futureWill + have + past participle*

* or

I’ll have worked.
He’ll have worked.
I’ll have gone.
I won’t have worked.
He won’t have worked.
I won’t have gone.
Will I have worked?
Will he have worked?
Will I have?


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Глаголы в английском языке. Таблица времен английского глагола