Глаголы в английском языке. Таблица времен английского глагола
Глагол — часть речи, обозначающая действие и отвечающае на вопросы «что делать, что сделать?», например: to live, to speak, to do. Глаголы имеют грамматические категории Времени, лица и Числа, Вида, Залога, Наклонения И выполняют в предложении функцию сказуемого. Неопределенную форму глагола принято называть инфинитивом. В английском языке инфинитив всегда употребляется с частицей «to», которая не переводится.
По своему значению и роли глаголы делятся на Полнозначные или смысловые и Служебные. Служебные глаголы частично или полностью
В английском языке имеется два залога: активный или действительный залог и пассивный или страдательный залог. Активный залог устанавливает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются производителями действия, выраженного сказуемым, например: I made a mistake. — Я совершил ошибку. Пассивный же залог устанавливает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются объектами действия, выраженного сказуемым. В силу своего значения пассивный залог может употребляться только с переходными глаголами — глаголами, в значении которых заложена необходимость сочетаться с дополнением: A mistake was made. Ошибка была совершена.
Система времен английского языка — одна из самых важных, но в тоже время самых тяжелых для понимания тем. Схематически ее можно представить так:
| Tense | Signal words | Use | Form | Examples affirmative | Examples negative | Examples interrogative |
| Present Simple | Every day Sometimes Always Often Usually Seldom Never First… then | Something happens repeatedly How often something happens One action follows another Things in general After the following verbs Future meaning: timetables, programmes | Infinitive he/she/it + — s | I work. He works. I go. He goes. | I don’t work. He doesn’t work. I don’t go. He doesn’t go. | Do I work? Does he work? Do I go? Does he go? |
| Present Continuous | Now At the moment Look! Listen! | Something is happening at the same time of speaking or around it Future meaning: when you have already decided and arranged to do it | To be + infinitive + — ing | I’m working. He’s working. I’m going. He’s going. | I’m not working. He isn’t working. I’m not going. He isn’t going. | Am I working? Is he working? Am I going? Is he going? |
| Past Simple | Last… … ago In 1990 Yesterday | Action took place in the past, mostly connected with an expression of time | Regular: infinitive + — ed Irregular: 2nd column of table of irregular verbs | I worked. He worked. I went. He went. | I didn’t work. He didn’t work. I didn’t go. He didn’t go. | Did I work? Did he work? Did I go? Did he go? |
| Past Continuous | While | An action happened in the middle of another action Someone was doing sth. at a certain time — you do not know whether it was finished or not | Was/were + infinitive + — ing | I was working. He was working. I was going. He was going. | I wasn’t working. He wasn’t working. I wasn’t going. He wasn’t going. | Was I working? Was he working? Was I going? Was he going? |
| Present Perfect | Just Yet Never Ever Already So far, Up to now, Since For Recently | You say that sth. has happened or is finished in the past and it has a connection to the present Action started in the past and continues up to the present | Have/has + past participle* * or | I have worked. He has worked. I have gone. He has gone. | I haven’t worked. He hasn’t worked. I haven’t gone. He hasn’t gone. | Have I worked? Has he worked? Have I gone? Has he gone? |
| Present Perfect Continuous | All day The whole day How long Since For | Action began in the past and has just stopped How long the action has been happening Emphasis: length of time of an action | Have/has + been + infinitive + — ing | I have been working. He has been working. I have been going. He has been going. | I haven’t been working. He hasn’t been working. I haven’t been going. He hasn’t been going. | Have I been working? Has he been working? Have I been going? Has he been going? |
| Past Perfect | Already Just Never | Mostly when two actions in a story are related to each other: the action which had already happened is put into Past Perfect, the other action into Simple Past The past of the Present Perfect | Had + past participle* * or | I had worked. He had worked. I had gone. He had gone. | I hadn’t worked. He hadn’t worked. I hadn’t gone. He hadn’t gone. | Had I worked? Had he worked? Had I gone? Had he gone? |
| Past Perfect Continuous | How long Since For | How long something had been happening before something else happened | Had + been + infinitive + ing | I had been working. He had been working. I had been going. He had been going. | I hadn’t been working. He hadn’t been working. I hadn’t been going. He hadn’t been going. | Had I been working? Had he been working? Had I been going? Had he been going? |
| Will — future | Tomorrow Next + noun | Predictions about the future You decide to do sth. spontaneously at the time of speaking, you haven’t made a decision before Main clause in type I of the if clauses | Will + infinitive | I’ll work. He’ll work. I’ll go. He’ll go. | I won’t work. He won’t work. I won’t go. He won’t go. | Will I work? Will he work? Will I go? Will he go? |
| Going to — future | When you have already decided to do sth. in the future What you think what will happen | Be + going to + infinitive | I’m going to work. He’s going to work. I’m going to go. He’s going to go. | I’m not going to work. He’s not going to work. I’m not going to go. He’s not going to go. | Am I going to work? Is he going to work? Am I going to go? Is he going to go? | |
| Future Continuous | An action will be in progress at a certain time in the future. This action has begun before the certain time. Something happens because it normally happens. | Will + be + infinitive + ing | I’ll be working. He’ll be working. I’ll be going. He’ll be going. | I won’t be working. He won’t be working. I won’t be going. He won’t be going. | Will I be working? Will he be working? Will I be going? Will he be going? | |
| Future Perfect | By the +noun | Sth. will already have happened before a certain time in the future | Will + have + past participle* * or | I’ll have worked. He’ll have worked. I’ll have gone. | I won’t have worked. He won’t have worked. I won’t have gone. | Will I have worked? Will he have worked? Will I have?  (1 votes, average: 5,00 out of 5)Глаголы в английском языке. Таблица времен английского глагола |